Kaishoni
1. How It Sounds
Every syllable is an initial (a consonant, or nothing at the start of a word) and a rhyme (a vowel, a vowel pair, or a vowel with n or k), and every syllable carries one of four tones. Stress does not exist; tone does everything. The same syllable said four ways is four words:
| Tone | Mark | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Level | no mark | tsau (rice) |
| Rising | á | tsáu (bowl) |
| Falling | à | tsàu (ink) |
| Dipping | â | tsâu (dawn) |
The marks are for learners. Names in running English text are written without them (Kokrin, not Kòkrín), the way a Kaishoni clerk writes a foreign letter. Officials speak evenly and quietly; peasants sing it; nobody who wants to keep his rank shouts. The court speaks a slow archaic form; the Reach speaks fast and drops tones, which is why the court cannot understand its own peasants.
| Letters | Sound | Example |
|---|---|---|
| a, e, i, o, u | as in father, bed, machine, go, rule | zau (and) |
| ai, ei, oi, au, ui | as in eye, day, boy, cow, gooey | tsei (I) |
| an, en, in, on | a vowel closed with a light n | tson (yes) |
| ok, ek | a vowel cut off by a k that is barely released | jek (of) |
| ky, ry, hy, my, gy | a consonant with a y glided into it: ky as in cute | kyâu (here), myán (he, she) |
| ts | as in cats, at the start of a syllable | tsò (not) |
| ch, sh, j | as in church, ship, jam | shau-mi (this small one) |
| r | a light tap, between r, l and d | ryáu (there) |
| kw | as in queen; question words only | kwêi (what) |
Question words all begin with kw-: kwêi (what), kwén (who), kwîga (which), kwanmon (where), kwênèn (when), kwènri (why), kwímói (how). No other word does.
2. How It Works
- Word order is subject, verb, object, and words never change shape: no plurals, no tenses, no genders. Whether something happened or will happen is shown by a time-word: jènrê (yesterday), cheimân (tomorrow), sôjon (already).
- No "the," no "a," no "is." One word, myán, means he and she. "It" is simply left out.
- Doubling a pronoun makes it plural: tsei (I), tsei-tsei (we); myán (he, she), myán-myán (they). Nothing else doubles.
- "Of" comes after the owner: Tsei jek jauhû, "I of house," my house.
- Meaning is built by stacking. Place names clip the first syllable of each word: kok- (from kokdâu, measure) + rin- (from rinbe, harmony) gives Kokrin, the capital.
- Numbers need a counting word: not "three horses" but "three head horse," Hênmau áumè chontatsa; not "two letters" but "two sheet letter," Tebui bichondi ròtonyó. There are sixty counting words and the examination tests forty of them. The four everyone knows: áumè (animals), bichondi (flat things), gyachagi (long things), juhanra (people).
- Rank is grammar. Every sentence to a superior begins with the rank-word hyáu-sen ("Honored One"), and an inferior never says tsei (I) to a superior but shau-mi ("this small one"). Speaking to an equal without a rank-word is a statement about rank. The Emperor is never addressed as "you" at all.
- Questions that can be answered yes or no end with myòk. Questions with a kw- word need nothing else. Yes is tson ("it is so"); no is tsò-tson ("not so").
- Not is tsò, before the verb.
- Two registers. The Doctrine's register uses only Measures-words and no Kin-words; the countryside's uses the reverse. A magistrate and his own mother can barely speak.
Counting is base ten: naitàu, tebui, hênmau, yóktsi, gusòn, kaudá, paken, chinshìn, keinu, peinàu (one to ten). Tens are built: tebui-peinàu (twenty, "two-ten"). Then dêkêi (hundred) and tásin (thousand).
Names. Family name first, then given name. Family names and given names are ordinary words: the imperial Tokrai ("Sun"), the chancellors' Seiro ("Seal"), the soldiers' Dezau ("Soldier"), the Tsehei ("Silver") and the Gyonba ("Forest"). The Princess is Tokrai Seitotai, "Sun Moon." Officials take an examination-name on passing, which becomes their formal name; the Princess's was burned. Peasants often have one syllable and a nickname: Old Tsau, "Old Rice."
3. Phrases
| Kaishoni | English |
|---|---|
| Hyáu-sen, shau-mi kèktèi. | Honored One, this small one comes. (The correct way to enter a magistrate's hall.) |
| Ketsán, kônrì, tàiro. | Order, merit, reason. (The motto of the Doctrine.) |
| Meksi kwanmon? | Where is the Rampart? (Question words need no particle.) |
| Tsei tsò kézu. | I don't know. |
| Kwímói chonón radáuho? | How much money? |
| Tsò myókra. | There are no spirits. (The Doctrine's creed, said flatly. Literally "no spirit.") |
| Dutó shôktéwâ. | Feed the stove. (What the countryside says instead. Literally "give the stove.") |
| Yàu tónba mèizûrûi myòk? | Have you passed the examination? (The only question that matters. Literally "you finish examination?") |
| Téirokjû háuchò giwe. | The mandate is with the Throne. (Said at every court ceremony; said in the Reach with a shrug.) |
| Sènhyo koimu, pínsònkó. | People are quiet at night. (A saying about the Reasoned Purge, never explained.) |
| Hênmau áumè chontatsa | three horses (literally "three head horse") |
| Tebui bichondi ròtonyó | two letters (literally "two sheet letter") |
| Tsei jek jauhû | my house (literally "I of house") |
4. The Core 500, by Group
The same 1,000 everyday English words are used for every language. Where Kaishoni has no word, the entry says so; that is part of the language.
Grammar. — (the) · — (a, an) · tsìnjo (this) · zoisoi (that) · gíka (these) · séknà (those) · kusáu (all) · áték (some) · epan (any) · myuhin (every) · tseinâ (each) · chonón (many) · gèsó (much) · suimék (more) · kyânwan (most) · nántsai (few) · ràrèk (other) · hyáusú (none)
Pronouns. tsei (I) · tsei (me) · — (my) · yàu (you (friend, child)) · hyán-go (you (stranger, elder)) · — (you (to the king)) · — (your) · myán (he) · myán (him) · — (his) · myán (she) · — (her) · — (it) · tsei-tsei (we) · tsei-tsei (us) · — (our) · myán-myán (they) · myán-myán (them) · — (their) · áték-raihochu (someone) · áték-tínkê (something) · tsò tínkê (nothing) · myuhin-raihochu (everyone) · myuhin-tínkê (everything)
Questions. kwêi (what) · kwén (who) · kwîga (which) · kwanmon (where) · kwênèn (when) · kwènri (why) · kwímói (how) · kwímói chonón (how much, how many)
Prepositions. jek (of) · gahoi (to) · zéktin (in) · shonsòi (on) · ryapo (at) · túchên (from) · háuchò (with) · raishai (without) · dínhé (for) · náikôn (by) · senkyu (about) · wáutsà (into) · shàho (out, out of) · zanzau (up) · sege (down) · gàmyu (over, above) · teiman (under, below) · hyohei (before) · bonyàn (after) · kèchò (between) · tokpau (through) · péinân (near) · beichau (behind) · shansan (against)
Conjunctions. zau (and) · káhu (or) · senmî (but) · nogyáu (if) · ryónpé (because) · tobok (so, therefore) · shúnòk (than)
Adverbs. tsò (not) · tson (yes) · tsò-tson (no) · kyâu (here) · ryáu (there) · jàryôn (now) · rekpài (then) · tsáukán (always) · jòrya (never) · dâisà (often) · rònchók (sometimes) · toshei (soon) · ransho (today) · cheimân (tomorrow) · jènrê (yesterday) · ryôsa (again) · hishèi (still, yet) · sôjon (already) · roije (just, only) · gomê (also) · gyúgón (too) · tsekchín (very) · danhòn (maybe) · tsèisi (enough) · konshó (together) · tsetsau (away) · kyáráu (back) · tsûitau (well) · tingàu (really, truly)
Grammar words. — (be) · — (have) · boigék (do) · — (will, shall (future)) · pìhê (can, be able) · rònha (must) · hòimói (should) · jandú (may, might) · pegyà (let)
Social. tàsosî (hello) · jurúní (goodbye) · konègyâ (please) · cháiko (thank you) · songyàuri (sorry) · ryómek (welcome) · mehete (agreed, all right)
Numbers. naitàu (one) · tebui (two) · hênmau (three) · yóktsi (four) · gusòn (five) · kaudá (six) · paken (seven) · chinshìn (eight) · keinu (nine) · peinàu (ten) · tebui-peinàu (twenty) · dêkêi (hundred) · tásin (thousand) · jéknàu (first) · tsotín (second) · típên (half)
Directions. shànchò (north) · hyùshó (south) · nihòk (east) · tsànhá (west) · déitsín (left) · rèisek (right (side))
Verbs. ôtsa (go) · kèktèi (come) · héknèn (get) · dutó (give) · nisók (take) · jákêi (make) · kézu (know) · éknèn (think) · kunôi (see) · yoksin (look) · tsonkyá (want) · manpo (need) · tàtón (like) · neitsok (love) · gisha (hate) · hoinôn (say) · hukyò (tell) · néiní (ask) · shonró (answer) · kekshò (speak, talk) · ráhyan (call) · nàurya (hear) · shòkmèn (listen) · mokhon (feel) · tàusó (find) · gantei (keep) · rosháu (hold) · meisék (put) · núisêi (leave) · nátéi (stay) · kauhai (live) · tânhón (die) · gànshêi (kill) · pahi (eat) · tínshèi (drink) · mójoi (sleep) · hyakón (wake) · kaijái (sit) · kàuron (stand) · hyáséi (walk) · hyazok (run) · myákén (ride) · kàjok (fall) · dóntáu (carry) · yànha (bring) · kaitau (send) · têtsok (buy) · tùitàu (sell) · nùitsék (pay) · hyadà (owe) · meksa (work) · seihi (help) · myánok (try) · chétei (use) · pónsàu (begin) · sâiryan (stop) · tónba (finish) · sonzo (wait) · rokbò (open) · yomau (close) · shenten (show) · sôiyò (read) · gektsí (write) · eitùi (learn) · jínhon (teach) · mítôi (remember) · sánpe (forget) · nótsin (believe) · jonko (understand) · tôkjei (mean) · noikui (change) · jauso (move) · datsèi (turn) · yâuzèn (follow) · chíchón (lead) · mokcho (meet) · pâuhai (win) · teiben (lose) · saihòk (fight) · renrê (play) · chisàu (sing) · dautsi (laugh) · ryanbú (cry, weep) · tokmò (smile) · gámèk (build) · binoi (break) · nonhû (cut) · nâitsèk (burn) · gáimo (grow) · wànsék (hit, strike) · héson (happen) · rênkúi (become) · chogèi (wish) · chìnrêk (hope) · ryauke (fear) · àuro (pray) · màbei (marry) · tûitò (lie (deceive)) · bîshin (wear) · pipèk (rest) · rínmi (travel) · tsòrók (return) · enrok (hurt) · tankei (cost) · totsek (agree) · hìnei (promise) · shésu (touch)
People. raihochu (person) · sajaine (man) · tisheirei (woman) · pahòtà (child) · béibànpin (boy) · híriga (girl) · tánbôshék (father) · ràríne (mother) · sínhú (son) · tanrîhi (daughter) · zotan (brother) · sháwèi (sister) · hòkrai (husband) · júmé (wife) · dànsenyò (family) · gyùtumè (friend) · hibói (enemy) · kyoru (stranger) · bànrek (king) · ríbaitsa (queen) · sanshìho (lord) · eirôno (lady) · gyanryâ (priest) · dézàudâu (soldier) · dutèi (farmer) · sèròhau (merchant) · tsadei (servant) · sènhyo (people) · pojo (name)
Body. shimàn (body) · tàimui (head) · nênhìn (face) · habei (eye) · nìmau (ear) · kyonchì (nose) · sánroi (mouth) · yahyù (tooth) · shaipu (hair) · shénô (arm) · pegu (hand) · neikó (leg) · gyùja (foot) · taudêi (heart) · paisho (blood) · shèijèn (back (body))
World. kemébà (world) · tòkrài (sun) · sèitótái (moon) · hyúhà (star) · sijai (sky) · naunân (rain) · háugo (snow) · kyòsíshâu (wind) · wekèisìn (fire) · zòté (water) · nònsa (earth, soil) · dúiyôntá (stone) · reikochà (river) · kíngyon (lake) · chaishosâ (sea) · hònbon (mountain) · mùdêk (hill) · gyônbâ (forest) · chenjàbu (tree) · módói (wood (material)) · nèiri (flower) · zoreiji (field) · tegôi (road) · sopoméi (bridge) · geiran (city) · ganzanrai (town) · nuiro (village) · resázá (land, country) · teisón (light (brightness))
Home. jauhû (house) · dakèi (home) · tokra (door) · jénsa (wall) · tashen (room) · pûshèi (bed) · cháuyâi (table) · deinau (hearth)
Time. gyárêirù (day) · pínsònkó (night) · cheikyôn (morning) · tasúmè (evening) · chokchíge (month) · zanhek (year) · yateicha (spring) · hêikáshéi (summer) · shêiron (autumn) · zagéi (winter) · kònho (time)
Food. zijákó (food) · sèipo (bread) · dakàmó (meat) · yonté (fish) · godîwân (egg) · yâjàisai (milk) · shukijí (salt) · zenmàn (wine) · sòyôni (ale) · dakyànsèn (meal) · chígútá (grain)
Animals. shokchan (animal) · chontatsa (horse) · kûizínba (dog) · dénan (cat) · shaigónyù (cow) · rànêimin (ox) · rônkegò (sheep) · tsinòk (pig) · óbék (bird) · hòpenmû (wolf)
Things. tínkê (thing) · káimachèi (sword) · hasìnhyàn (bow) · dôijoi (arrow) · shèntà (shield) · tênmui (knife) · soksoi (boat) · ryônishì (ship) · báukò (cart) · senkeden (coin) · radáuho (money) · sisanò (gold) · tsèhèi (silver) · nògòwêi (iron) · ràsîhù (clothes) · zachènéi (shoe) · kàiroimó (cup) · rúbêsèn (book) · ròtonyó (letter) · ryonsówau (paper) · tsatei (key) · hùrancháu (tool) · utoshài (gift) · bariwai (ring) · ranshunì (bell)
Abstract. tâtsama (war) · gyâké (peace) · shônguyò (law) · nàuzà (truth) · dâibôn (luck) · hochoibe (trade) · jékpi (price) · kómya (debt) · daihân (tax) · yaidaihya (word) · tautsá (story) · shótsúgan (song) · kogòshè (question) · sonhainu (news) · páusho (way) · ranbàsai (place) · poimú (part) · goihènran (end) · nàchên (side) · chêshô (kind (type)) · chansìn (trouble) · tàiro (reason) · nèròjo (idea) · autoi (life) · tétsò (death) · arensau (game) · matàuchek (danger) · shépuibon (power) · tumotsán (dream) · kyáchì (soul) · shónzá (voice) · hamen (number) · nòdan (oath) · gontan (honor) · gìsankòn (shame) · dómecha (faith) · hóichenyà (god) · tsanshek (secret) · manôná (plan) · rókshái (market) · hánryate (wedding)
The Second 500
Five hundred more everyday words, the same for every language, bring the shared core list to 1,000.
Grammar. hàuhe (both) · dinwa (several)
Pronouns. epan-raihochu (anyone) · epan-tínkê (anything) · tsò raihochu (no one, nobody)
Prepositions. tsaipûi (across) · kyânse (along) · gokjei (around) · naiji (beside) · pogéi (beyond) · júhén (inside) · guihyò (outside) · gyàpi (toward) · séini (until) · wépàu (among)
Conjunctions. shaurèi (although) · tséyàu (while) · tsidán (unless)
Adverbs. peryau (almost) · hàtsa (later) · gonro (tonight) · jaho (forward) · tànmáu (instead) · shónmu (even) · nongok (ago) · nínsu (quickly) · tsòdàn (slowly) · áték-ranbàsai (somewhere) · myuhin-ranbàsai (everywhere) · tsò ranbàsai (nowhere)
Numbers. hênmau-peinàu (thirty) · yóktsi-peinàu (forty) · gusòn-peinàu (fifty) · kaudá-peinàu (sixty) · paken-peinàu (seventy) · chinshìn-peinàu (eighty) · keinu-peinàu (ninety) · rónryo (zero) · ronhyan (third) · tsoiton (fourth) · chùran (fifth) · ryònhú (pair) · meidéi (once) · gauyoi (twice) · wauyò (dozen)
Verbs. shauzài (wash) · rânhú (cook) · beise (bake) · kamòk (boil) · róichok (brew) · kanèk (fill) · hìsàu (sew) · nóshei (weave) · tenro (spin) · sónté (dig) · bânròk (plant (put in the ground)) · nônshòi (hunt) · dónhé (catch) · naitón (throw) · ryôkon (climb) · yumon (jump) · châuyán (swim) · tsomé (fly) · chekho (push) · nèran (pull) · pemyon (drop) · chàugè (hang) · tòkga (tie) · kànwèn (count) · chàuran (steal) · deisò (hide) · chontà (seek) · tónmen (defend) · nèkgyu (attack) · wimo (escape) · wétsu (chase) · wâumó (shoot) · shedan (command) · tsòihyá (obey) · sáimyon (serve) · sèihu (forgive) · chòwèk (punish) · myauhu (bless) · zínko (worship) · gechi (mourn) · tsàryan (bury) · tényúi (kneel) · toiréi (kiss) · míntsèi (shout) · góntsàn (lie down) · shaumyón (rise) · nìnran (smell) · geizá (taste) · hâino (bleed) · sàumái (sink) · haikau (arrive) · nánhon (enter) · jintsán (choose) · bèikén (decide) · nensin (prepare) · nèimyû (trust) · waizò (share) · totsán (gather) · tsíchek (protect) · hyôkon (feed) · roimèi (earn) · tsìke (spend)
Adjectives. nokho (slow) · déngya (thick) · chaikau (thin) · numek (wide) · maiyón (deep) · tuira (flat) · nankyòk (round) · ténkòn (sharp) · tohen (soft) · choihí (smooth) · kyoshè (rough) · hyàutôi (sweet) · hoshèi (bitter) · mâuhò (sour) · shobúi (clean) · denru (dirty) · sáshok (cheap) · tsekau (low) · mántói (tall) · shínmei (weak) · zotái (brave) · ryonui (proud) · mìwá (gentle) · rekroi (cruel) · sháse (clever) · chenrók (foolish) · hyoktoi (lazy) · kyohai (busy) · memán (tired) · nahok (calm) · chánshe (loud) · chonshai (fresh) · kyánhu (rotten) · détsái (ripe) · ninto (raw) · jehei (ugly) · chunêi (fat) · tsishén (blind) · néiba (deaf) · shimyù (thirsty) · tsûza (awake) · ranrìn (alive) · bémô (healthy) · tsókhu (broken) · hànmau (easy) · jájôi (straight) · poshoi (wild) · jâmáu (purple) · chàgya (pale) · weitso (false)
People. mekyai (baby) · aináu (uncle) · hâwànhon (aunt) · shanranmo (cousin) · hôkmyo (nephew) · pâisèikú (niece) · dentséi (widow) · tsujáido (orphan) · hugei (bride) · noihyò (bridegroom) · gêigàura (parent) · nànmî (guest) · nenhyùnà (neighbor) · ryasamè (crowd) · chenrà (thief) · shúrya (beggar) · shàunok (carpenter) · mochei (weaver) · jinsàige (baker) · wìndokdù (fisherman) · jechò (miller) · rómaijú (potter) · chanhyàn (healer) · rirêi (messenger) · nínromo (rider) · kyànsa (scribe) · maikaushi (teacher) · sànru (student) · tonzan (master (of a house or craft)) · rágátsá (hero) · wènok (singer)
Body. kuidei (neck) · moigò (shoulder) · tsísín (chest) · shansên (belly) · hòhân (finger) · myàuké (toe) · rónyan (knee) · káudin (elbow) · kaijan (skin) · maitau (bone) · hòmyáu (lip) · shèchei (tongue) · poben (beard) · shékmì (cheek) · tóknòn (brow) · wektsau (chin) · gúikan (fist) · kíbài (lung) · tôhài (rib) · binmùi (skull) · yáupu (sweat) · tsiso (tear (from the eye)) · tsàumàn (wound) · tsòchau (pain) · nonmoi (illness) · tsíshò (flesh)
World. yatei (cloud) · bìmorò (thunder) · myûnòk (lightning) · chehàn (hail) · yâkok (rainbow) · mêjok (weather) · sonhankyù (heat) · méwì (flood) · gishêk (drought) · róirá (plain) · záisui (cave) · kinkònsai (sand) · radàhu (mud) · einòk (dust) · hôichei (stream) · yandègà (pond) · jònànrèk (waterfall) · tsuisi (slope) · singyòk (ridge) · mojohi (wilderness) · getsà (hole) · zúbánai (smoke) · nintsònbi (air)
Sea. záhómáu (wave) · teishái (tide) · noimon (shell) · hònkóha (anchor) · heichâi (mast) · héjôi (deck) · ninmài (fleet) · pùseidái (voyage) · jénki (raft) · záutèi (crab) · manméiki (pirate) · yuichowín (current (of water)) · héishìn (net)
Home. zènmàu (roof) · hemyan (floor) · tèkgàn (window) · tântséi (chair) · béihén (bench) · neishi (box) · keitsí (candle) · tantso (pot) · doyu (jug) · nìnhí (dish) · gyoté (spoon) · santsàn (basket) · hèknau (blanket) · hekgîn (barrel) · shenkú (sack) · reipó (kitchen) · wànjái (hut) · chatso (ashes) · nâimói (firewood) · chéido (well (for water)) · honhai (lock) · sòyui (shelf) · higyù (cradle) · hòntâ (bath) · sharyok (comb) · shóishi (pillow)
Time. hûná (week) · kyuhi (hour) · jònràugôn (noon) · kíyantei (midnight) · mànheráu (moment) · kitenji (age (an era)) · tutei (century) · shùronri (season) · rèksei (festival) · meiyogôk (afternoon) · tòktoshó (past (time gone by)) · toijágék (future (time to come)) · àihyó (generation)
Food. gijàu (honey) · gânguku (butter) · honkyasen (cheese) · sòshàròn (soup) · kapei (porridge) · sâinóhó (flour) · kànson (oil) · sauchôn (apple) · neimeknan (pear) · renàisó (grape) · dewinrú (berry) · dagyasoi (nut) · gigin (bean) · sóntò (onion) · shekma (garlic) · shutaimîn (cabbage) · àkókmèi (fruit) · rónroje (vinegar) · núzonúi (sausage) · kenshisin (cherry) · téitasô (feast)
Farm. tsêigon (plow) · kinmya (seed) · râihonsan (wheat) · róntsuzó (oats) · kònmài (hay) · soháujù (straw) · jéksadan (barn) · henaimìn (stable) · tsoishâu (fence) · dìténbon (pasture) · sàturyò (meadow) · shùpan (orchard) · héidui (scythe) · kyoshènàu (sickle) · ryânmaiká (spade) · ruimochô (yoke) · rànbi (crop) · kendàjan (flock) · êwin (beehive) · hóchau (ditch)
Animals. shoidán (hen) · rênhoikai (rooster) · náibi (duck) · hichanék (goose) · ponpútsok (lamb) · mónjônse (calf) · tsének (donkey) · baushéngé (mule) · shénrekan (mouse) · kanzu (rat) · zizùpón (frog) · kokjo (bee) · púpeiní (fly (insect)) · sùshoidèn (ant) · hónhui (worm) · shenchoi (spider) · mònshósin (lion) · tèibikò (boar) · môchanwe (hawk) · dehonhók (dove) · tseróràn (tail) · dochê (wing) · mònshé (horn) · tutòiná (hoof) · shônmèi (claw) · naikék (beak) · ryàsogái (nest)
Plants. keksàkan (branch) · hoktsáuho (bush) · roija (vine) · chómya (weed) · mintadài (herb) · táchòi (mushroom) · wikìn (nettle) · aumyáchàu (ivy) · tesauti (willow) · kànche (birch) · kyanjáhé (yew) · yutânhui (clover) · hákòngê (acorn) · wìnbisù (trunk (of a tree))
Crafts. tìsok (rope) · shasâugón (needle) · wenbúgò (thread) · sòchapài (cloth) · pechon (leather) · rúròtùi (loom) · chèkei (nail (metal spike)) · gâishâtsá (saw (tool)) · tontànsék (chisel) · chégái (knot) · jokìdau (wheel) · jishâka (ladder) · shoza (brick) · tômánra (bronze) · shekhìn (copper) · étsashái (steel) · yaizì (dye) · sóntobó (linen) · chenhon (jar) · chótsà (chain) · nokhùná (beam (of wood)) · kuyârei (hook) · tóichèto (blade) · aihók (handle)
Trade. kebui (shop) · zoitsâigo (stall (in a market)) · hùpinkòn (goods) · somónzoi (profit) · nondéi (wage) · tonhòi (purse) · gìtek (scales (for weighing)) · kàhishó (weight) · gaichâ (fair (a market gathering)) · chàhán (value) · keiroi (wealth) · kyaumézo (peddler)
War. bâimóinei (army) · kyutosà (battle) · tsûiyon (siege) · kóktòn (armor) · ryogátsi (club (weapon)) · sintsîmi (dagger) · zaichési (banner) · ponshabì (ambush) · chekotò (victory) · úisho (defeat) · jántîntá (ally) · hudòrò (plunder) · mèkhènto (hostage) · wimana (truce)
Law. peroihu (judge) · tsiyashê (court (of law)) · sáitònbai (crime) · chìbàyok (punishment) · pèiza (fine (a penalty)) · méikauséi (prison) · duitsoi (prisoner) · wáuhânku (witness) · màgachu (guilt) · gyûsìke (justice) · shotsoson (rule (a law or custom)) · chenzók (heir) · ponkúi (inheritance) · shósinan (tithe) · rèichek (toll) · gyútámo (traitor) · yâson (exile)
Faith. shogòk (ghost) · hoson (heaven) · pakitsa (underworld) · sùichèk (altar) · shanhò (blessing) · nudajéi (curse) · nánraro (funeral) · wirúi (corpse) · peiroháu (coffin) · núirenmù (monk) · gyônjau (nun) · sèsîdei (pilgrim) · sènsèido (omen)
Music. tauzi (music) · tòjongi (flute) · honsonau (harp) · minhya (trumpet) · geinoi (tune) · zeinobò (verse) · monsa (riddle) · sóseiru (legend) · énhon (proverb) · suitsátsò (joke) · yùirèiwau (dance)
Travel. zèikusè (path) · ryontàu (journey) · tèkjàipa (inn) · kôkhi (tavern) · gayonshei (traveler) · nòngài (map) · nadárei (crossroads) · ráisonwa (horseshoe) · teimau (mile) · báihànri (shelter) · seinèi (distance) · mímôja (innkeeper)
Abstract. nènyuinau (joy) · nonmo (sorrow) · rèijòk (grief) · tòikektin (pity) · dòichòsé (mercy) · hainúihi (friendship) · chànhama (memory) · hóipe (mistake) · myàunedan (skill) · zamichan (rumor) · rìmonhi (message) · ònanwi (task) · seikèiha (reward) · tsàtan (blame) · noisen (revenge) · jâtùchek (quarrel) · saduizìn (noise) · zoko (sound) · tsízî (color) · daumègyo (shape) · chôgézàn (size) · wîkeishau (middle) · monòchái (corner) · tsàjùsu (sign (a mark or signal)) · gúnó (anger) · gokdîse (hunger)
5. Kaishon Words Beyond the Core
miruitsu (emperor (old title "Wang")) · giwe (the Throne (the Emperor, spoken of)) · hyáu-sen (Honored One (rank-word, old "daren")) · shau-mi (this small one (lowering word, old "xiao")) · myòk (question particle (old "ma")) · mèizûrûi (examination) · teshò (official, magistrate) · naiyuidàu (chancellor) · seirosui (seal (of office)) · ketsán (order) · kônrì (merit) · kokdâu (measure) · téirokjû (mandate) · sonchaukò (duty) · rinbe (harmony) · yòtoké (ancestor) · myókra (household spirit (one of the Kin)) · shôktéwâ (stove) · zasadan (shrine) · îryu (offering) · meksi (rampart, great wall) · híkanpoi (jade) · sèdewek (silk) · hâuyoiwi (porcelain) · kàshòkdau (tea) · tsau (rice) · borontán (bamboo) · radìchek (crossbow) · nairui (kite) · tsênmàde (archive) · hukùishai (canal) · mahìtsek (tower, pagoda) · sinhòi (province) · teisishi (palace) · tápèkòn (crane (the bird)) · gùhòn (lacquer) · tsàu (ink) · mènzaten (brush) · shâuhôshu (reed) · tauyàsí (terrace (of rice)) · yasâuchên (lotus) · shétì (empty) · tsáu (bowl) · mìhomau (gold coin (old name "kaijin")) · tsinkyá (silver coin (old name "yinmon")) · áumè (counting word for animals ("head")) · bichondi (counting word for flat things ("sheet")) · gyachagi (counting word for long things ("stem")) · juhanra (counting word for people) · buitsò (stones (the board game of generals; old name "go")) · tsâu (dawn) · mûhauhi (dragon-river (the long river)) · ínasôn (peak) · yomìn (harbor) · tsentsûi (pine) · soróshài (plum blossom) · shaupa (pearl)
Grammar words: jek of (after the owner) · tsò not · myòk question particle · hyáu-sen Honored One · shau-mi this small one · pronoun doubling for plurals · kw- question words
6. Dictionary: Kaishoni to English
Sorted by letters, ignoring tone marks.
| Kaishoni | English | Part of speech | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| aihók | handle | n | |
| àihyó | generation | n | |
| aináu | uncle | n | |
| àkókmèi | fruit | n | |
| arensau | game | n | |
| áték | some | det | |
| áték-raihochu | someone | pron | |
| áték-ranbàsai | somewhere | adv | from some + place |
| áték-tínkê | something | pron | |
| áumè | counting word for animals ("head") | cw | |
| aumyáchàu | ivy | n | |
| àuro | pray | v | |
| autoi | life | n | |
| báihànri | shelter | n | |
| bâimóinei | army | n | |
| bànrek | king | n | |
| bânròk | plant (put in the ground) | v | |
| bariwai | ring | n | |
| báukò | cart | n | in place of 'car' |
| baushéngé | mule | n | |
| béibànpin | boy | n | |
| beichau | behind | prep | |
| béihén | bench | n | |
| bèikén | decide | v | |
| beise | bake | v | |
| bémô | healthy | adj | |
| bichondi | counting word for flat things ("sheet") | cw | |
| bìmorò | thunder | n | |
| binmùi | skull | n | |
| binoi | break | v | |
| bîshin | wear | v | |
| boigék | do | v | |
| bonyàn | after | prep | |
| borontán | bamboo | n | |
| buitsò | stones (the board game of generals; old name "go") | n | |
| chàgya | pale | adj | |
| chàhán | value | n | |
| chaikau | thin | adj | |
| cháiko | thank you | interj | |
| chaishosâ | sea | n | |
| changu | different | adj | |
| chànhama | memory | n | |
| chanhyàn | healer | n | |
| chánshe | loud | adj | |
| chansìn | trouble | n | |
| chatso | ashes | n | |
| chàugè | hang | v | |
| chàuran | steal | v | |
| cháuyâi | table | n | |
| châuyán | swim | v | |
| chégái | knot | n | |
| chehàn | hail | n | |
| chéido | well (for water) | n | |
| cheikyôn | morning | n | |
| cheimân | tomorrow | adv | |
| cheimó | dark | adj | |
| chèkei | nail (metal spike) | n | |
| chekho | push | v | |
| chekotò | victory | n | |
| chenhon | jar | n | |
| chenjàbu | tree | n | |
| chenrà | thief | n | |
| chenrók | foolish | adj | |
| chenzók | heir | n | |
| chepòn | ready | adj | |
| chêshô | kind (type) | n | |
| chétei | use | v | |
| chìbàyok | punishment | n | |
| chíchón | lead | v | |
| chígútá | grain | n | |
| chínrâ | brown | adj | |
| chìnrêk | hope | n/v | |
| chinshìn | eight | num | |
| chinshìn-peinàu | eighty | num | from eight + ten |
| chisàu | sing | v | |
| chogèi | wish | v | |
| chôgézàn | size | n | |
| choihí | smooth | adj | |
| chokchíge | month | n | |
| chómya | weed | n | |
| chonón | many | det | |
| chonshai | fresh | adj | |
| chontà | seek | v | |
| chontatsa | horse | n | |
| chótsà | chain | n | |
| chòwèk | punish | v | |
| chunêi | fat | adj | |
| chùran | fifth | num | |
| dagyasoi | nut | n | |
| dâibôn | luck | n | |
| daihân | tax | n | |
| dâisà | often | adv | |
| dakàmó | meat | n | |
| dakèi | home | n | |
| dakyànsèn | meal | n | |
| danhòn | maybe | adv | |
| dànsenyò | family | n | |
| datsèi | turn | v | |
| daumègyo | shape | n | |
| dâupê | strange | adj | |
| dautsi | laugh | v | |
| dehonhók | dove | n | |
| deinau | hearth | n | |
| deisò | hide | v | |
| déitsín | left | n | |
| dêkêi | hundred | num | |
| dénan | cat | n | |
| déngya | thick | adj | |
| denru | dirty | adj | |
| dentséi | widow | n | |
| détsái | ripe | adj | |
| dewinrú | berry | n | |
| dézàudâu | soldier | n | |
| dínhé | for | prep | |
| dinmu | hard | adj | |
| dinwa | several | det | |
| dìténbon | pasture | n | |
| dochê | wing | n | |
| doichan | sad | adj | |
| dòichòsé | mercy | n | |
| dôijoi | arrow | n | |
| dómecha | faith | n | |
| dónhé | catch | v | |
| dóntáu | carry | v | |
| doyu | jug | n | |
| duitsoi | prisoner | n | |
| dúiyôntá | stone | n | |
| dutèi | farmer | n | |
| dutó | give | v | |
| einòk | dust | n | |
| eirôno | lady | n | |
| eitùi | learn | v | |
| éknèn | think | v | |
| énhon | proverb | n | |
| enrok | hurt | v | |
| epan | any | det | |
| epan-raihochu | anyone | pron | from any + person |
| epan-tínkê | anything | pron | from any + thing |
| étsashái | steel | n | |
| êwin | beehive | n | |
| gahoi | to | prep | |
| gaichâ | fair (a market gathering) | n | |
| gáimo | grow | v | |
| gâishâtsá | saw (tool) | n | |
| gámèk | build | v | |
| gàmyu | over, above | prep | |
| gânguku | butter | n | |
| gànshêi | kill | v | |
| gantei | keep | v | |
| ganzanrai | town | n | |
| gauyoi | twice | adv | |
| gayonshei | traveler | n | |
| gechi | mourn | v | |
| gêigàura | parent | n | |
| geinoi | tune | n | |
| geiran | city | n | |
| geishò | true | adj | |
| geizá | taste | v | |
| gêke | full | adj | |
| gektsí | write | v | |
| gèsó | much | det | |
| getsà | hole | n | |
| gigin | bean | n | |
| gijàu | honey | n | |
| gíka | these | det | |
| gìsankòn | shame | n | |
| gisha | hate | v | |
| gishêk | drought | n | |
| gìtek | scales (for weighing) | n | |
| giwe | the Throne (the Emperor, spoken of) | n | |
| godîwân | egg | n | |
| goihènran | end | n | |
| gokdîse | hunger | n | |
| gokjei | around | prep | |
| gomê | also | adv | |
| gonro | tonight | adv | |
| gontan | honor | n | |
| góntsàn | lie down | v | |
| gùhòn | lacquer | n | |
| guihyò | outside | prep | |
| gúikan | fist | n | |
| gúnó | anger | n | |
| gusòn | five | num | |
| gusòn-peinàu | fifty | num | from five + ten |
| gyachagi | counting word for long things ("stem") | cw | |
| gyâké | peace | n | |
| gyanryâ | priest | n | |
| gyàpi | toward | prep | |
| gyárêirù | day | n | |
| gyókchan | free | adj | |
| gyônbâ | forest | n | |
| gyônjau | nun | n | |
| gyoté | spoon | n | |
| gyúgón | too | adv | |
| gyùja | foot | n | |
| gyûsìke | justice | n | |
| gyútámo | traitor | n | |
| gyùtumè | friend | n | |
| habei | eye | n | |
| haikau | arrive | v | |
| hâino | bleed | v | |
| hainúihi | friendship | n | |
| hákòngê | acorn | n | |
| hamen | number | n | |
| hànmau | easy | adj | |
| hánryate | wedding | n | |
| hasìnhyàn | bow | n | |
| hàtsa | later | adv | |
| háuchò | with | prep | |
| háugo | snow | n | |
| haugya | big | adj | |
| hàuhe | both | det | |
| hauko | wrong | adj | |
| hâuyoiwi | porcelain | n | |
| hâwànhon | aunt | n | |
| heichâi | mast | n | |
| héidui | scythe | n | |
| hêikáshéi | summer | n | |
| héishìn | net | n | |
| héjôi | deck | n | |
| hekgîn | barrel | n | |
| hèknau | blanket | n | |
| héknèn | get | v | |
| hemyan | floor | n | |
| henaimìn | stable | n | |
| hênmau | three | num | |
| hênmau-peinàu | thirty | num | from three + ten |
| héson | happen | v | |
| hibói | enemy | n | |
| hichanék | goose | n | |
| higyù | cradle | n | |
| híkanpoi | jade | n | |
| hìnei | promise | v | |
| híriga | girl | n | |
| hìsàu | sew | v | |
| hishèi | still, yet | adv | |
| hóchau | ditch | n | |
| hochoibe | trade | n | |
| hòhân | finger | n | |
| hôichei | stream | n | |
| hóichenyà | god | n | |
| hòimói | should | aux | |
| hoinôn | say | v | |
| hóipe | mistake | n | |
| hôkmyo | nephew | n | |
| hòkrai | husband | n | |
| hoktsáuho | bush | n | |
| hòmyáu | lip | n | |
| hònbon | mountain | n | |
| honhai | lock | n | |
| hónhui | worm | n | |
| hònkóha | anchor | n | |
| honkyasen | cheese | n | |
| hónmyan | strong | adj | |
| honsonau | harp | n | |
| hòntâ | bath | n | |
| hòpenmû | wolf | n | |
| hoshèi | bitter | adj | |
| hoson | heaven | n | |
| hózúi | fast | adj | |
| hudòrò | plunder | n | |
| hugei | bride | n | |
| huihyau | white | adj | |
| hukùishai | canal | n | |
| hukyò | tell | v | |
| hûná | week | n | |
| hùpinkòn | goods | n | |
| hùrancháu | tool | n | |
| hyadà | owe | v | |
| hyakón | wake | v | |
| hyán-go | you (stranger, elder) | pron | formal; to anyone of higher rank use their rank-word instead |
| hyáséi | walk | v | |
| hyási | difficult | adj | |
| hyáu-sen | Honored One (rank-word, old "daren") | n | begins every sentence to a superior |
| hyáusú | none | pron | |
| hyàutôi | sweet | adj | |
| hyazok | run | v | |
| hyohei | before | prep | |
| hyôkon | feed | v | |
| hyoktoi | lazy | adj | |
| hyúhà | star | n | |
| hyùshó | south | n | |
| ínasôn | peak | n | |
| îryu | offering | n | |
| jaho | forward | adv | |
| jájôi | straight | adj | |
| jákêi | make | v | |
| jâmáu | purple | adj | |
| jandú | may, might | aux | |
| jántîntá | ally | n | |
| jànzôn | angry | adj | |
| jàryôn | now | adv | |
| jâtùchek | quarrel | n | |
| jauhû | house | n | |
| jauso | move | v | |
| jechò | miller | n | |
| jehei | ugly | adj | |
| jek | of | prep | placed after the owner: tsei jek taka, "my house" |
| jéknàu | first | num | |
| jékpi | price | n | |
| jéksadan | barn | n | |
| jekson | far | adj | |
| jénki | raft | n | |
| jènrê | yesterday | adv | |
| jénsa | wall | n | |
| jínhon | teach | v | |
| jinsàige | baker | n | |
| jintsán | choose | v | |
| jishâka | ladder | n | |
| jokìdau | wheel | n | |
| jònànrèk | waterfall | n | |
| jonko | understand | v | |
| jònràugôn | noon | n | |
| jòrya | never | adv | |
| juhanra | counting word for people | cw | |
| júhén | inside | prep | |
| júmé | wife | n | |
| jurúní | goodbye | interj | |
| kàhishó | weight | n | |
| káhu | or | conj | |
| kaijái | sit | v | |
| kaijan | skin | n | |
| káimachèi | sword | n | |
| kàiroimó | cup | n | |
| kaitau | send | v | |
| kàjok | fall | v | |
| kamòk | boil | v | |
| kànche | birch | n | |
| kanèk | fill | v | |
| kansek | gray | adj | |
| kànson | oil | n | |
| kànwèn | count | v | |
| kanzu | rat | n | |
| kapei | porridge | n | |
| kàshòkdau | tea | n | |
| kaudá | six | num | |
| kaudá-peinàu | sixty | num | from six + ten |
| káudin | elbow | n | |
| kauhai | live | v | |
| kâukái | kind | adj | |
| kàuron | stand | v | |
| kebui | shop | n | |
| kêchèn | last | adj | |
| kèchò | between | prep | |
| keinu | nine | num | |
| keinu-peinàu | ninety | num | from nine + ten |
| keiroi | wealth | n | |
| keitsí | candle | n | |
| keksàkan | branch | n | |
| kekshò | speak, talk | v | |
| kèktèi | come | v | |
| kemébà | world | n | |
| kendàjan | flock | n | |
| kenshisin | cherry | n | |
| ketsán | order | n | first word of the motto |
| kézu | know | v | |
| kíbài | lung | n | |
| kíngyon | lake | n | |
| kinkònsai | sand | n | |
| kinmya | seed | n | |
| kitenji | age (an era) | n | |
| kíyantei | midnight | n | |
| kogòshè | question | n | |
| koimu | quiet | adj | |
| kokdâu | measure | n/v | |
| kôkhi | tavern | n | |
| kokjo | bee | n | |
| kóktòn | armor | n | |
| kómya | debt | n | |
| konègyâ | please | interj | |
| kònho | time | n | |
| kònmài | hay | n | |
| kônrì | merit | n | second word of the motto |
| konshó | together | adv | |
| kuidei | neck | n | |
| kûizínba | dog | n | |
| kunôi | see | v | |
| kusáu | all | det | |
| kuyârei | hook | n | |
| kwanmon | where | adv | |
| kwêi | what | pron | |
| kwén | who | pron | |
| kwênèn | when | adv | |
| kwènri | why | adv | |
| kwîga | which | pron | |
| kwímói | how | adv | |
| kwímói chonón | how much, how many | adv | |
| kyáchì | soul | n | |
| kyánhu | rotten | adj | |
| kyanjáhé | yew | n | |
| kyànsa | scribe | n | |
| kyânse | along | prep | |
| kyânwan | most | det | |
| kyáráu | back | adv | |
| kyâu | here | adv | |
| kyaumézo | peddler | n | |
| kyohai | busy | adj | |
| kyonchì | nose | n | |
| kyoru | stranger | n | |
| kyoshè | rough | adj | |
| kyoshènàu | sickle | n | |
| kyòsíshâu | wind | n | |
| kyuhi | hour | n | |
| kyutosà | battle | n | |
| màbei | marry | v | |
| màgachu | guilt | n | |
| mahìtsek | tower, pagoda | n | |
| maikaushi | teacher | n | |
| maitau | bone | n | |
| maiyón | deep | adj | |
| makòk | honest | adj | |
| mànheráu | moment | n | |
| manméiki | pirate | n | |
| manôná | plan | n | |
| manpo | need | v | |
| mántói | tall | adj | |
| matàuchek | danger | n | |
| mâuhò | sour | adj | |
| mehete | agreed, all right | interj | in place of 'okay' |
| meidéi | once | adv | |
| méikauséi | prison | n | |
| meisék | put | v | |
| meiyogôk | afternoon | n | |
| mèizûrûi | examination | n | |
| mêjok | weather | n | |
| mèkhènto | hostage | n | |
| meksa | work | n/v | |
| meksi | rampart, great wall | n | |
| mekyai | baby | n | |
| memán | tired | adj | |
| mènzaten | brush | n | |
| méwì | flood | n | |
| mìhomau | gold coin (old name "kaijin") | n | |
| mímôja | innkeeper | n | |
| minhya | trumpet | n | |
| mintadài | herb | n | |
| míntsèi | shout | v | |
| miruitsu | emperor (old title "Wang") | n | |
| mítôi | remember | v | |
| mìwá | gentle | adj | |
| môchanwe | hawk | n | |
| mochei | weaver | n | |
| módói | wood (material) | n | |
| mohà | dead | adj | |
| moigò | shoulder | n | |
| moitsòn | dear | adj | |
| mojohi | wilderness | n | |
| mójoi | sleep | n/v | |
| mokcho | meet | v | |
| mokhon | feel | v | |
| mónjônse | calf | n | |
| monòchái | corner | n | |
| monsa | riddle | n | |
| mònshé | horn | n | |
| mònshósin | lion | n | |
| montsài | light (not heavy) | adj | |
| mùdêk | hill | n | |
| mûhauhi | dragon-river (the long river) | n | |
| myákén | ride | v | |
| myán | he | pron | one word for he and she |
| myán | him | pron | same as "he" |
| myán | she | pron | same word as "he" |
| myán-myán | they | pron | "he" doubled |
| myán-myán | them | pron | same as "they" |
| myánok | try | v | |
| myanshek | next | adj | |
| myauhu | bless | v | |
| myàuké | toe | n | |
| myàunedan | skill | n | |
| myòk | question particle (old "ma") | part | ends a yes-or-no question |
| myókra | household spirit (one of the Kin) | n | |
| myònshín | sure | adj | |
| myontèk | hungry | adj | |
| myuhin | every | det | |
| myuhin-raihochu | everyone | pron | |
| myuhin-ranbàsai | everywhere | adv | from every + place |
| myuhin-tínkê | everything | pron | |
| myûnòk | lightning | n | |
| nàchên | side | n | |
| nadárei | crossroads | n | |
| nahok | calm | adj | |
| náibi | duck | n | |
| naiji | beside | prep | |
| naikék | beak | n | |
| náikôn | by | prep | |
| nâimói | firewood | n | |
| nairui | kite | n | |
| naitàu | one | num | |
| naitón | throw | v | |
| nâitsèk | burn | v | |
| naiyuidàu | chancellor | n | |
| nánhon | enter | v | |
| nankyòk | round | adj | |
| nànmî | guest | n | |
| nánraro | funeral | n | |
| nántsai | few | det | |
| nátéi | stay | v | |
| naunân | rain | n | |
| nàurya | hear | v | |
| nàuzà | truth | n | |
| néiba | deaf | adj | |
| neikó | leg | n | |
| neimeknan | pear | n | |
| nèimyû | trust | v | |
| néiní | ask | v | |
| nèiri | flower | n | |
| neishi | box | n | |
| neitsok | love | n/v | |
| nèkgyu | attack | v | |
| nênhìn | face | n | |
| nenhyùnà | neighbor | n | |
| nensin | prepare | v | |
| nènyuinau | joy | n | |
| nèran | pull | v | |
| nèròjo | idea | n | |
| nihòk | east | n | |
| nìmau | ear | n | |
| nìnhí | dish | n | |
| ninmài | fleet | n | |
| nìnran | smell | v | |
| nínromo | rider | n | |
| nínsu | quickly | adv | |
| ninto | raw | adj | |
| nintsònbi | air | n | |
| nisók | take | v | |
| nòdan | oath | n | |
| nògòwêi | iron | n | |
| nogyáu | if | conj | |
| noihyò | bridegroom | n | |
| noikui | change | v | |
| noimon | shell | n | |
| noinó | warm | adj | |
| noisen | revenge | n | |
| nokho | slow | adj | |
| nokhùná | beam (of wood) | n | |
| noncha | old | adj | |
| nondéi | wage | n | |
| nòngâ | happy | adj | |
| nòngài | map | n | |
| nongok | ago | adv | |
| nonhû | cut | v | |
| nonmo | sorrow | n | |
| nonmoi | illness | n | |
| nònsa | earth, soil | n | |
| nônshòi | hunt | v | |
| nontài | beautiful | adj | |
| nóshei | weave | v | |
| nótsin | believe | v | |
| nudajéi | curse | n | |
| núirenmù | monk | n | |
| nuiro | village | n | |
| núisêi | leave | v | |
| nùitsék | pay | v | |
| nùkei | sick | adj | |
| numek | wide | adj | |
| núzonúi | sausage | n | |
| óbék | bird | n | |
| ònanwi | task | n | |
| ôtsa | go | v | |
| pahi | eat | v | |
| pahòtà | child | n | |
| pâisèikú | niece | n | |
| paisho | blood | n | |
| paken | seven | num | |
| paken-peinàu | seventy | num | from seven + ten |
| pakitsa | underworld | n | |
| pâuhai | win | v | |
| páusho | way | n | |
| pechon | leather | n | |
| pegu | hand | n | |
| pegyà | let | v | |
| péinân | near | prep | |
| peinàu | ten | num | |
| peiroháu | coffin | n | |
| pèiza | fine (a penalty) | n | |
| pemyon | drop | v | |
| peroihu | judge | n | |
| peryau | almost | adv | |
| pìhê | can, be able | aux | |
| pínsònkó | night | n | |
| pipèk | rest | n/v | |
| poben | beard | n | |
| pogéi | beyond | prep | |
| poimú | part | n | |
| pojo | name | n | |
| ponkúi | inheritance | n | |
| ponpútsok | lamb | n | |
| pónsàu | begin | v | |
| ponshabì | ambush | n | |
| poshoi | wild | adj | |
| púijâi | good | adj | |
| pùmin | green | adj | |
| púpeiní | fly (insect) | n | |
| pùseidái | voyage | n | |
| pûshèi | bed | n | |
| pushón | small | adj | |
| radàhu | mud | n | |
| radáuho | money | n | |
| radìchek | crossbow | n | |
| rágátsá | hero | n | |
| ráhyan | call | v | |
| raihochu | person | n | |
| râihonsan | wheat | n | |
| raishai | without | prep | |
| ráisonwa | horseshoe | n | |
| ranbàsai | place | n | |
| rànbi | crop | n | |
| rànêimin | ox | n | |
| rânhú | cook | v | |
| ranrìn | alive | adj | |
| ransho | today | adv | |
| ranshunì | bell | n | |
| ràrèk | other | det | |
| ràríne | mother | n | |
| ràsîhù | clothes | n | |
| ráuhèi | dry | adj | |
| rèichek | toll | n | |
| rèijòk | grief | n | |
| reikochà | river | n | |
| reipó | kitchen | n | |
| rèisek | right (side) | n | |
| rekpài | then | adv | |
| rekroi | cruel | adj | |
| rèksei | festival | n | |
| renàisó | grape | n | |
| rênhoikai | rooster | n | |
| rênkúi | become | v | |
| renrê | play | v | |
| resázá | land, country | n | |
| ríbaitsa | queen | n | |
| rìmonhi | message | n | |
| rinbe | harmony | n | |
| rínmi | travel | v | |
| rirêi | messenger | n | |
| róichok | brew | v | |
| roigai | alone | adj | |
| roija | vine | n | |
| roije | just, only | adv | |
| roimèi | earn | v | |
| róirá | plain | n | |
| rokbò | open | v | |
| rókshái | market | n | |
| rómaijú | potter | n | |
| rònchók | sometimes | adv | |
| rònha | must | aux | |
| ronhyan | third | num | |
| rônkegò | sheep | n | |
| rónroje | vinegar | n | |
| rónryo | zero | num | |
| róntsuzó | oats | n | |
| rónyan | knee | n | |
| rosháu | hold | v | |
| ròtonyó | letter | n | in place of 'email' |
| rúbêsèn | book | n | |
| ruimochô | yoke | n | |
| rúròtùi | loom | n | |
| ryahì | same | adj | |
| ryanbú | cry, weep | v | |
| ryânmaiká | spade | n | |
| ryapo | at | prep | |
| ryasamè | crowd | n | |
| ryàsogái | nest | n | |
| ryáu | there | adv | |
| ryauke | fear | n/v | |
| ryogátsi | club (weapon) | n | |
| ryôkon | climb | v | |
| ryómek | welcome | interj | |
| ryònhú | pair | num | |
| ryônishì | ship | n | |
| ryónpé | because | conj | |
| ryonsówau | paper | n | |
| ryontàu | journey | n | |
| ryonui | proud | adj | |
| ryoró | long | adj | |
| ryôsa | again | adv | |
| saduizìn | noise | n | |
| saibau | wet | adj | |
| saihòk | fight | n/v | |
| sáimyon | serve | v | |
| sâinóhó | flour | n | |
| sâiryan | stop | v | |
| sáitònbai | crime | n | |
| sajaine | man | n | |
| sánpe | forget | v | |
| sánroi | mouth | n | |
| sànru | student | n | |
| sanshìho | lord | n | |
| santsàn | basket | n | |
| sáshok | cheap | adj | |
| sàturyò | meadow | n | |
| sauchôn | apple | n | |
| sàumái | sink | v | |
| sèdewek | silk | n | |
| sege | down | adv | |
| seihi | help | n/v | |
| sèihu | forgive | v | |
| seikèiha | reward | n | |
| seinèi | distance | n | |
| séini | until | prep | |
| sèipo | bread | n | |
| seirosui | seal (of office) | n | |
| sèitótái | moon | n | |
| séknà | those | det | |
| sènhyo | people | n | |
| senkeden | coin | n | |
| senkyu | about | prep | |
| senmî | but | conj | |
| sènsèido | omen | n | |
| sèròhau | merchant | n | |
| sèsîdei | pilgrim | n | |
| shàho | out, out of | prep | |
| shaigónyù | cow | n | |
| shaiku | bright | adj | |
| shaipu | hair | n | |
| shànchò | north | n | |
| shanhò | blessing | n | |
| shanranmo | cousin | n | |
| shansan | against | prep | |
| shansên | belly | n | |
| sharyok | comb | n | |
| shasâugón | needle | n | |
| sháse | clever | adj | |
| shasu | own | adj | |
| shau-mi | this small one (lowering word, old "xiao") | n | how an inferior says "I" |
| shâuhôshu | reed | n | |
| shaumyón | rise | v | |
| shàunok | carpenter | n | |
| shaupa | pearl | n | |
| shaurèi | although | conj | |
| shauzài | wash | v | |
| sháwèi | sister | n | |
| shèchei | tongue | n | |
| shedan | command | v | |
| shèijèn | back (body) | n | |
| shêiron | autumn | n | |
| shekhìn | copper | n | |
| shekma | garlic | n | |
| shékmì | cheek | n | |
| shenchoi | spider | n | |
| shenkú | sack | n | |
| shénô | arm | n | |
| shénrekan | mouse | n | |
| shèntà | shield | n | |
| shenten | show | v | |
| shépuibon | power | n | |
| shésu | touch | v | |
| shétì | empty | adj | |
| shimàn | body | n | |
| shimyù | thirsty | adj | |
| shínmei | weak | adj | |
| shísè | heavy | adj | |
| shìzó | black | adj | |
| shobúi | clean | adj | |
| shogòk | ghost | n | |
| shoidán | hen | n | |
| shóishi | pillow | n | |
| shokchan | animal | n | |
| shòkmèn | listen | v | |
| shôktéwâ | stove | n | |
| shônguyò | law | n | |
| shônmèi | claw | n | |
| shónmu | even | adv | |
| shonró | answer | n/v | |
| shonsòi | on | prep | |
| shontu | hot | adj | |
| shónzá | voice | n | |
| shoryu | high | adj | |
| shósinan | tithe | n | |
| shotsoson | rule (a law or custom) | n | |
| shótsúgan | song | n | |
| shoza | brick | n | |
| shukijí | salt | n | |
| shúnòk | than | conj | |
| shùpan | orchard | n | |
| shùronri | season | n | |
| shúrya | beggar | n | |
| shutaimîn | cabbage | n | |
| sijai | sky | n | |
| singyòk | ridge | n | |
| sinhòi | province | n | |
| sínhú | son | n | |
| sintsîmi | dagger | n | |
| sisanò | gold | n | |
| sòchapài | cloth | n | |
| soháujù | straw | n | |
| sôiyò | read | v | |
| sôjon | already | adv | |
| soksoi | boat | n | |
| somónzoi | profit | n | |
| sonchaukò | duty | n | |
| songyàuri | sorry | interj | |
| sonhainu | news | n | |
| sonhankyù | heat | n | |
| sónté | dig | v | |
| sóntò | onion | n | |
| sóntobó | linen | n | |
| sonzo | wait | v | |
| sopoméi | bridge | n | |
| soróshài | plum blossom | n | |
| sóseiru | legend | n | |
| sòshàròn | soup | n | |
| sòyôni | ale | n | in place of 'beer' |
| sòyui | shelf | n | |
| sùichèk | altar | n | |
| suimék | more | det | |
| suitsátsò | joke | n | |
| sùshoidèn | ant | n | |
| táchòi | mushroom | n | |
| táihòn | afraid | adj | |
| tàimui | head | n | |
| tàiro | reason | n | |
| tánbôshék | father | n | |
| tânhón | die | v | |
| tankei | cost | v | |
| tànmáu | instead | adv | |
| tanrîhi | daughter | n | |
| tanshon | poor | adj | |
| tântséi | chair | n | |
| tantso | pot | n | |
| tápèkòn | crane (the bird) | n | |
| tashen | room | n | |
| tásin | thousand | num | |
| tàsosî | hello | interj | |
| tasúmè | evening | n | |
| tàtón | like | v | |
| tâtsama | war | n | |
| taudêi | heart | n | |
| tàusó | find | v | |
| tautsá | story | n | |
| tauyàsí | terrace (of rice) | n | |
| tauzi | music | n | |
| tebui | two | num | |
| tebui-peinàu | twenty | num | |
| tegôi | road | n | |
| téhei | rich | adj | |
| teiben | lose | v | |
| tèibikò | boar | n | |
| teiman | under, below | prep | |
| teimau | mile | n | |
| tèinai | safe | adj | |
| téirokjû | mandate | n | |
| teishái | tide | n | |
| teisishi | palace | n | |
| teisón | light (brightness) | n | |
| téitasô | feast | n | |
| tèiyó | bad | adj | |
| tèkba | new | adj | |
| tèkgàn | window | n | |
| tèkjàipa | inn | n | |
| ténkòn | sharp | adj | |
| tênmui | knife | n | |
| tenro | spin | v | |
| tényúi | kneel | v | |
| tèròi | blue | adj | |
| tesauti | willow | n | |
| teshò | official, magistrate | n | |
| tétsò | death | n | |
| têtsok | buy | v | |
| tingàu | really, truly | adv | |
| tínkê | thing | n | |
| tínshèi | drink | n/v | |
| típên | half | num | |
| tisheirei | woman | n | |
| tìsok | rope | n | |
| tobok | so, therefore | conj | |
| tôhài | rib | n | |
| tohen | soft | adj | |
| tóichèto | blade | n | |
| toijágék | future (time to come) | n | |
| tòikektin | pity | n | |
| toiréi | kiss | v | |
| tòjongi | flute | n | |
| tòkga | tie | v | |
| tôkjei | mean | v | |
| tokmò | smile | v | |
| tóknòn | brow | n | |
| tokpau | through | prep | |
| tokra | door | n | |
| tòkrài | sun | n | |
| tokshèi | early | adj | |
| tòktoshó | past (time gone by) | n | |
| tômánra | bronze | n | |
| tónba | finish | v | |
| tóncha | young | adj | |
| tonhòi | purse | n | |
| tónmen | defend | v | |
| tontànsék | chisel | n | |
| tonzan | master (of a house or craft) | n | |
| toshei | soon | adv | |
| totsán | gather | v | |
| totsek | agree | v | |
| tsadei | servant | n | |
| tsaipûi | across | prep | |
| tsàjùsu | sign (a mark or signal) | n | |
| tsànbà | right, correct | adj | |
| tsànhá | west | n | |
| tsanshek | secret | n | |
| tsàryan | bury | v | |
| tsàtan | blame | n | |
| tsatei | key | n | |
| tsau | rice | n | |
| tsàu | ink | n | |
| tsáu | bowl | n | |
| tsâu | dawn | n | |
| tsáuban | short | adj | |
| tsáukán | always | adv | |
| tsauma | wise | adj | |
| tsàumàn | wound | n | |
| tsèhèi | silver | n | |
| tsei | I | pron | plain "I"; to a superior one says sho-rai, "this small one," instead |
| tsei | me | pron | same as "I" |
| tsei-tsei | we | pron | "I" doubled: doubling a pronoun makes it plural |
| tsei-tsei | us | pron | same as "we" |
| tsêigon | plow | n | |
| tseinâ | each | det | |
| tsèisi | enough | adv | |
| tsekau | low | adj | |
| tsekchín | very | adv | |
| tsének | donkey | n | |
| tsênmàde | archive | n | |
| tsentsûi | pine | n | |
| tseróràn | tail | n | |
| tsèsui | yellow | adj | |
| tsetsau | away | adv | |
| tséyàu | while | conj | |
| tsíchek | protect | v | |
| tsidán | unless | conj | |
| tsìke | spend | v | |
| tsìnjo | this | det | |
| tsinkyá | silver coin (old name "yinmon") | n | |
| tsinòk | pig | n | |
| tsishén | blind | adj | |
| tsíshò | flesh | n | |
| tsísín | chest | n | |
| tsiso | tear (from the eye) | n | |
| tsiyashê | court (of law) | n | |
| tsízî | color | n | |
| tsò | not | adv | before the verb |
| tsò raihochu | no one, nobody | pron | phrase: not + person |
| tsò ranbàsai | nowhere | adv | phrase: not + place |
| tsò tínkê | nothing | pron | |
| tsò-tson | no | interj | literally "not so" |
| tsòchau | pain | n | |
| tsòdàn | slowly | adv | |
| tsòihyá | obey | v | |
| tsoishâu | fence | n | |
| tsoiton | fourth | num | |
| tsókhu | broken | adj | |
| tsomé | fly | v | |
| tson | yes | interj | literally "it is so" |
| tsonchá | late | adj | |
| tsónda | cold | adj | |
| tsonkyá | want | v | |
| tsòrók | return | v | |
| tsotín | second | num | |
| tsôtui | red | adj | |
| tsuisi | slope | n | |
| tsûitau | well | adv | |
| tsûiyon | siege | n | |
| tsujáido | orphan | n | |
| tsûza | awake | adj | |
| túchên | from | prep | |
| tuira | flat | adj | |
| tùitàu | sell | v | |
| tûitò | lie (deceive) | v | |
| tumotsán | dream | n | |
| tutei | century | n | |
| tutòiná | hoof | n | |
| úisho | defeat | n | |
| utoshài | gift | n | |
| waizò | share | v | |
| wànjái | hut | n | |
| wànsék | hit, strike | v | |
| wáuhânku | witness | n | |
| wâumó | shoot | v | |
| wáutsà | into | prep | |
| wauyò | dozen | num | |
| weitso | false | adj | |
| wekèisìn | fire | n | |
| wektsau | chin | n | |
| wenbúgò | thread | n | |
| wènok | singer | n | |
| wépàu | among | prep | |
| wèryú | important | adj | |
| wétsu | chase | v | |
| wîkeishau | middle | n | |
| wikìn | nettle | n | |
| wimana | truce | n | |
| wimo | escape | v | |
| wìnbisù | trunk (of a tree) | n | |
| wìndokdù | fisherman | n | |
| wirúi | corpse | n | |
| yahyù | tooth | n | |
| yaidaihya | word | n | |
| yaizì | dye | n | |
| yâjàisai | milk | n | |
| yâkok | rainbow | n | |
| yandègà | pond | n | |
| yànha | bring | v | |
| yasâuchên | lotus | n | |
| yâson | exile | n | |
| yatei | cloud | n | |
| yateicha | spring | n | |
| yàu | you (friend, child) | pron | familiar |
| yáupu | sweat | n | |
| yâuzèn | follow | v | |
| yoksin | look | v | |
| yóktsi | four | num | |
| yóktsi-peinàu | forty | num | from four + ten |
| yomau | close | v | |
| yomìn | harbor | n | |
| yonté | fish | n | |
| yòtoké | ancestor | n | |
| yuichowín | current (of water) | n | |
| yùirèiwau | dance | n/v | |
| yumon | jump | v | |
| yutânhui | clover | n | |
| zachènéi | shoe | n | |
| zagéi | winter | n | |
| záhómáu | wave | n | |
| zaichési | banner | n | |
| záisui | cave | n | |
| zamichan | rumor | n | |
| zanhek | year | n | |
| zanzau | up | adv | |
| zasadan | shrine | n | |
| zau | and | conj | |
| záutèi | crab | n | |
| zèikusè | path | n | |
| zeinobò | verse | n | |
| zéktin | in | prep | |
| zenmàn | wine | n | |
| zènmàu | roof | n | |
| zijákó | food | n | |
| zínko | worship | v | |
| zizùpón | frog | n | |
| zoisoi | that | det | |
| zoitsâigo | stall (in a market) | n | |
| zoko | sound | n | |
| zoreiji | field | n | |
| zotái | brave | adj | |
| zotan | brother | n | |
| zòté | water | n | |
| zúbánai | smoke | n | |
| — | the | art | |
| — | a, an | art | |
| — | my | pron | |
| — | you (to the king) | pron | royal |
| — | your | pron | |
| — | his | pron | |
| — | her | pron | |
| — | it | pron | |
| — | our | pron | |
| — | their | pron | |
| — | be | v | also grammar |
| — | have | v | |
| — | will, shall (future) | aux | grammar |
7. Dictionary: English to Kaishoni
| English | Kaishoni | Part of speech |
|---|---|---|
| a, an | — | art |
| about | senkyu | prep |
| acorn | hákòngê | n |
| across | tsaipûi | prep |
| afraid | táihòn | adj |
| after | bonyàn | prep |
| afternoon | meiyogôk | n |
| again | ryôsa | adv |
| against | shansan | prep |
| age (an era) | kitenji | n |
| ago | nongok | adv |
| agree | totsek | v |
| agreed, all right | mehete | interj |
| air | nintsònbi | n |
| ale | sòyôni | n |
| alive | ranrìn | adj |
| all | kusáu | det |
| ally | jántîntá | n |
| almost | peryau | adv |
| alone | roigai | adj |
| along | kyânse | prep |
| already | sôjon | adv |
| also | gomê | adv |
| altar | sùichèk | n |
| although | shaurèi | conj |
| always | tsáukán | adv |
| ambush | ponshabì | n |
| among | wépàu | prep |
| ancestor | yòtoké | n |
| anchor | hònkóha | n |
| and | zau | conj |
| anger | gúnó | n |
| angry | jànzôn | adj |
| animal | shokchan | n |
| answer | shonró | n/v |
| ant | sùshoidèn | n |
| any | epan | det |
| anyone | epan-raihochu | pron |
| anything | epan-tínkê | pron |
| apple | sauchôn | n |
| archive | tsênmàde | n |
| arm | shénô | n |
| armor | kóktòn | n |
| army | bâimóinei | n |
| around | gokjei | prep |
| arrive | haikau | v |
| arrow | dôijoi | n |
| ashes | chatso | n |
| ask | néiní | v |
| at | ryapo | prep |
| attack | nèkgyu | v |
| aunt | hâwànhon | n |
| autumn | shêiron | n |
| awake | tsûza | adj |
| away | tsetsau | adv |
| baby | mekyai | n |
| back | kyáráu | adv |
| back (body) | shèijèn | n |
| bad | tèiyó | adj |
| bake | beise | v |
| baker | jinsàige | n |
| bamboo | borontán | n |
| banner | zaichési | n |
| barn | jéksadan | n |
| barrel | hekgîn | n |
| basket | santsàn | n |
| bath | hòntâ | n |
| battle | kyutosà | n |
| be | — | v |
| beak | naikék | n |
| beam (of wood) | nokhùná | n |
| bean | gigin | n |
| beard | poben | n |
| beautiful | nontài | adj |
| because | ryónpé | conj |
| become | rênkúi | v |
| bed | pûshèi | n |
| bee | kokjo | n |
| beehive | êwin | n |
| before | hyohei | prep |
| beggar | shúrya | n |
| begin | pónsàu | v |
| behind | beichau | prep |
| believe | nótsin | v |
| bell | ranshunì | n |
| belly | shansên | n |
| bench | béihén | n |
| berry | dewinrú | n |
| beside | naiji | prep |
| between | kèchò | prep |
| beyond | pogéi | prep |
| big | haugya | adj |
| birch | kànche | n |
| bird | óbék | n |
| bitter | hoshèi | adj |
| black | shìzó | adj |
| blade | tóichèto | n |
| blame | tsàtan | n |
| blanket | hèknau | n |
| bleed | hâino | v |
| bless | myauhu | v |
| blessing | shanhò | n |
| blind | tsishén | adj |
| blood | paisho | n |
| blue | tèròi | adj |
| boar | tèibikò | n |
| boat | soksoi | n |
| body | shimàn | n |
| boil | kamòk | v |
| bone | maitau | n |
| book | rúbêsèn | n |
| both | hàuhe | det |
| bow | hasìnhyàn | n |
| bowl | tsáu | n |
| box | neishi | n |
| boy | béibànpin | n |
| branch | keksàkan | n |
| brave | zotái | adj |
| bread | sèipo | n |
| break | binoi | v |
| brew | róichok | v |
| brick | shoza | n |
| bride | hugei | n |
| bridegroom | noihyò | n |
| bridge | sopoméi | n |
| bright | shaiku | adj |
| bring | yànha | v |
| broken | tsókhu | adj |
| bronze | tômánra | n |
| brother | zotan | n |
| brow | tóknòn | n |
| brown | chínrâ | adj |
| brush | mènzaten | n |
| build | gámèk | v |
| burn | nâitsèk | v |
| bury | tsàryan | v |
| bush | hoktsáuho | n |
| busy | kyohai | adj |
| but | senmî | conj |
| butter | gânguku | n |
| buy | têtsok | v |
| by | náikôn | prep |
| cabbage | shutaimîn | n |
| calf | mónjônse | n |
| call | ráhyan | v |
| calm | nahok | adj |
| can, be able | pìhê | aux |
| canal | hukùishai | n |
| candle | keitsí | n |
| carpenter | shàunok | n |
| carry | dóntáu | v |
| cart | báukò | n |
| cat | dénan | n |
| catch | dónhé | v |
| cave | záisui | n |
| century | tutei | n |
| chain | chótsà | n |
| chair | tântséi | n |
| chancellor | naiyuidàu | n |
| change | noikui | v |
| chase | wétsu | v |
| cheap | sáshok | adj |
| cheek | shékmì | n |
| cheese | honkyasen | n |
| cherry | kenshisin | n |
| chest | tsísín | n |
| child | pahòtà | n |
| chin | wektsau | n |
| chisel | tontànsék | n |
| choose | jintsán | v |
| city | geiran | n |
| claw | shônmèi | n |
| clean | shobúi | adj |
| clever | sháse | adj |
| climb | ryôkon | v |
| close | yomau | v |
| cloth | sòchapài | n |
| clothes | ràsîhù | n |
| cloud | yatei | n |
| clover | yutânhui | n |
| club (weapon) | ryogátsi | n |
| coffin | peiroháu | n |
| coin | senkeden | n |
| cold | tsónda | adj |
| color | tsízî | n |
| comb | sharyok | n |
| come | kèktèi | v |
| command | shedan | v |
| cook | rânhú | v |
| copper | shekhìn | n |
| corner | monòchái | n |
| corpse | wirúi | n |
| cost | tankei | v |
| count | kànwèn | v |
| counting word for animals ("head") | áumè | cw |
| counting word for flat things ("sheet") | bichondi | cw |
| counting word for long things ("stem") | gyachagi | cw |
| counting word for people | juhanra | cw |
| court (of law) | tsiyashê | n |
| cousin | shanranmo | n |
| cow | shaigónyù | n |
| crab | záutèi | n |
| cradle | higyù | n |
| crane (the bird) | tápèkòn | n |
| crime | sáitònbai | n |
| crop | rànbi | n |
| crossbow | radìchek | n |
| crossroads | nadárei | n |
| crowd | ryasamè | n |
| cruel | rekroi | adj |
| cry, weep | ryanbú | v |
| cup | kàiroimó | n |
| current (of water) | yuichowín | n |
| curse | nudajéi | n |
| cut | nonhû | v |
| dagger | sintsîmi | n |
| dance | yùirèiwau | n/v |
| danger | matàuchek | n |
| dark | cheimó | adj |
| daughter | tanrîhi | n |
| dawn | tsâu | n |
| day | gyárêirù | n |
| dead | mohà | adj |
| deaf | néiba | adj |
| dear | moitsòn | adj |
| death | tétsò | n |
| debt | kómya | n |
| decide | bèikén | v |
| deck | héjôi | n |
| deep | maiyón | adj |
| defeat | úisho | n |
| defend | tónmen | v |
| die | tânhón | v |
| different | changu | adj |
| difficult | hyási | adj |
| dig | sónté | v |
| dirty | denru | adj |
| dish | nìnhí | n |
| distance | seinèi | n |
| ditch | hóchau | n |
| do | boigék | v |
| dog | kûizínba | n |
| donkey | tsének | n |
| door | tokra | n |
| dove | dehonhók | n |
| down | sege | adv |
| dozen | wauyò | num |
| dragon-river (the long river) | mûhauhi | n |
| dream | tumotsán | n |
| drink | tínshèi | n/v |
| drop | pemyon | v |
| drought | gishêk | n |
| dry | ráuhèi | adj |
| duck | náibi | n |
| dust | einòk | n |
| duty | sonchaukò | n |
| dye | yaizì | n |
| each | tseinâ | det |
| ear | nìmau | n |
| early | tokshèi | adj |
| earn | roimèi | v |
| earth, soil | nònsa | n |
| east | nihòk | n |
| easy | hànmau | adj |
| eat | pahi | v |
| egg | godîwân | n |
| eight | chinshìn | num |
| eighty | chinshìn-peinàu | num |
| elbow | káudin | n |
| emperor (old title "Wang") | miruitsu | n |
| empty | shétì | adj |
| end | goihènran | n |
| enemy | hibói | n |
| enough | tsèisi | adv |
| enter | nánhon | v |
| escape | wimo | v |
| even | shónmu | adv |
| evening | tasúmè | n |
| every | myuhin | det |
| everyone | myuhin-raihochu | pron |
| everything | myuhin-tínkê | pron |
| everywhere | myuhin-ranbàsai | adv |
| examination | mèizûrûi | n |
| exile | yâson | n |
| eye | habei | n |
| face | nênhìn | n |
| fair (a market gathering) | gaichâ | n |
| faith | dómecha | n |
| fall | kàjok | v |
| false | weitso | adj |
| family | dànsenyò | n |
| far | jekson | adj |
| farmer | dutèi | n |
| fast | hózúi | adj |
| fat | chunêi | adj |
| father | tánbôshék | n |
| fear | ryauke | n/v |
| feast | téitasô | n |
| feed | hyôkon | v |
| feel | mokhon | v |
| fence | tsoishâu | n |
| festival | rèksei | n |
| few | nántsai | det |
| field | zoreiji | n |
| fifth | chùran | num |
| fifty | gusòn-peinàu | num |
| fight | saihòk | n/v |
| fill | kanèk | v |
| find | tàusó | v |
| fine (a penalty) | pèiza | n |
| finger | hòhân | n |
| finish | tónba | v |
| fire | wekèisìn | n |
| firewood | nâimói | n |
| first | jéknàu | num |
| fish | yonté | n |
| fisherman | wìndokdù | n |
| fist | gúikan | n |
| five | gusòn | num |
| flat | tuira | adj |
| fleet | ninmài | n |
| flesh | tsíshò | n |
| flock | kendàjan | n |
| flood | méwì | n |
| floor | hemyan | n |
| flour | sâinóhó | n |
| flower | nèiri | n |
| flute | tòjongi | n |
| fly | tsomé | v |
| fly (insect) | púpeiní | n |
| follow | yâuzèn | v |
| food | zijákó | n |
| foolish | chenrók | adj |
| foot | gyùja | n |
| for | dínhé | prep |
| forest | gyônbâ | n |
| forget | sánpe | v |
| forgive | sèihu | v |
| forty | yóktsi-peinàu | num |
| forward | jaho | adv |
| four | yóktsi | num |
| fourth | tsoiton | num |
| free | gyókchan | adj |
| fresh | chonshai | adj |
| friend | gyùtumè | n |
| friendship | hainúihi | n |
| frog | zizùpón | n |
| from | túchên | prep |
| fruit | àkókmèi | n |
| full | gêke | adj |
| funeral | nánraro | n |
| future (time to come) | toijágék | n |
| game | arensau | n |
| garlic | shekma | n |
| gather | totsán | v |
| generation | àihyó | n |
| gentle | mìwá | adj |
| get | héknèn | v |
| ghost | shogòk | n |
| gift | utoshài | n |
| girl | híriga | n |
| give | dutó | v |
| go | ôtsa | v |
| god | hóichenyà | n |
| gold | sisanò | n |
| gold coin (old name "kaijin") | mìhomau | n |
| good | púijâi | adj |
| goodbye | jurúní | interj |
| goods | hùpinkòn | n |
| goose | hichanék | n |
| grain | chígútá | n |
| grape | renàisó | n |
| gray | kansek | adj |
| green | pùmin | adj |
| grief | rèijòk | n |
| grow | gáimo | v |
| guest | nànmî | n |
| guilt | màgachu | n |
| hail | chehàn | n |
| hair | shaipu | n |
| half | típên | num |
| hand | pegu | n |
| handle | aihók | n |
| hang | chàugè | v |
| happen | héson | v |
| happy | nòngâ | adj |
| harbor | yomìn | n |
| hard | dinmu | adj |
| harmony | rinbe | n |
| harp | honsonau | n |
| hate | gisha | v |
| have | — | v |
| hawk | môchanwe | n |
| hay | kònmài | n |
| he | myán | pron |
| head | tàimui | n |
| healer | chanhyàn | n |
| healthy | bémô | adj |
| hear | nàurya | v |
| heart | taudêi | n |
| hearth | deinau | n |
| heat | sonhankyù | n |
| heaven | hoson | n |
| heavy | shísè | adj |
| heir | chenzók | n |
| hello | tàsosî | interj |
| help | seihi | n/v |
| hen | shoidán | n |
| her | — | pron |
| herb | mintadài | n |
| here | kyâu | adv |
| hero | rágátsá | n |
| hide | deisò | v |
| high | shoryu | adj |
| hill | mùdêk | n |
| him | myán | pron |
| his | — | pron |
| hit, strike | wànsék | v |
| hold | rosháu | v |
| hole | getsà | n |
| home | dakèi | n |
| honest | makòk | adj |
| honey | gijàu | n |
| honor | gontan | n |
| Honored One (rank-word, old "daren") | hyáu-sen | n |
| hoof | tutòiná | n |
| hook | kuyârei | n |
| hope | chìnrêk | n/v |
| horn | mònshé | n |
| horse | chontatsa | n |
| horseshoe | ráisonwa | n |
| hostage | mèkhènto | n |
| hot | shontu | adj |
| hour | kyuhi | n |
| house | jauhû | n |
| household spirit (one of the Kin) | myókra | n |
| how | kwímói | adv |
| how much, how many | kwímói chonón | adv |
| hundred | dêkêi | num |
| hunger | gokdîse | n |
| hungry | myontèk | adj |
| hunt | nônshòi | v |
| hurt | enrok | v |
| husband | hòkrai | n |
| hut | wànjái | n |
| I | tsei | pron |
| idea | nèròjo | n |
| if | nogyáu | conj |
| illness | nonmoi | n |
| important | wèryú | adj |
| in | zéktin | prep |
| inheritance | ponkúi | n |
| ink | tsàu | n |
| inn | tèkjàipa | n |
| innkeeper | mímôja | n |
| inside | júhén | prep |
| instead | tànmáu | adv |
| into | wáutsà | prep |
| iron | nògòwêi | n |
| it | — | pron |
| ivy | aumyáchàu | n |
| jade | híkanpoi | n |
| jar | chenhon | n |
| joke | suitsátsò | n |
| journey | ryontàu | n |
| joy | nènyuinau | n |
| judge | peroihu | n |
| jug | doyu | n |
| jump | yumon | v |
| just, only | roije | adv |
| justice | gyûsìke | n |
| keep | gantei | v |
| key | tsatei | n |
| kill | gànshêi | v |
| kind | kâukái | adj |
| kind (type) | chêshô | n |
| king | bànrek | n |
| kiss | toiréi | v |
| kitchen | reipó | n |
| kite | nairui | n |
| knee | rónyan | n |
| kneel | tényúi | v |
| knife | tênmui | n |
| knot | chégái | n |
| know | kézu | v |
| lacquer | gùhòn | n |
| ladder | jishâka | n |
| lady | eirôno | n |
| lake | kíngyon | n |
| lamb | ponpútsok | n |
| land, country | resázá | n |
| last | kêchèn | adj |
| late | tsonchá | adj |
| later | hàtsa | adv |
| laugh | dautsi | v |
| law | shônguyò | n |
| lazy | hyoktoi | adj |
| lead | chíchón | v |
| learn | eitùi | v |
| leather | pechon | n |
| leave | núisêi | v |
| left | déitsín | n |
| leg | neikó | n |
| legend | sóseiru | n |
| let | pegyà | v |
| letter | ròtonyó | n |
| lie (deceive) | tûitò | v |
| lie down | góntsàn | v |
| life | autoi | n |
| light (brightness) | teisón | n |
| light (not heavy) | montsài | adj |
| lightning | myûnòk | n |
| like | tàtón | v |
| linen | sóntobó | n |
| lion | mònshósin | n |
| lip | hòmyáu | n |
| listen | shòkmèn | v |
| live | kauhai | v |
| lock | honhai | n |
| long | ryoró | adj |
| look | yoksin | v |
| loom | rúròtùi | n |
| lord | sanshìho | n |
| lose | teiben | v |
| lotus | yasâuchên | n |
| loud | chánshe | adj |
| love | neitsok | n/v |
| low | tsekau | adj |
| luck | dâibôn | n |
| lung | kíbài | n |
| make | jákêi | v |
| man | sajaine | n |
| mandate | téirokjû | n |
| many | chonón | det |
| map | nòngài | n |
| market | rókshái | n |
| marry | màbei | v |
| mast | heichâi | n |
| master (of a house or craft) | tonzan | n |
| may, might | jandú | aux |
| maybe | danhòn | adv |
| me | tsei | pron |
| meadow | sàturyò | n |
| meal | dakyànsèn | n |
| mean | tôkjei | v |
| measure | kokdâu | n/v |
| meat | dakàmó | n |
| meet | mokcho | v |
| memory | chànhama | n |
| merchant | sèròhau | n |
| mercy | dòichòsé | n |
| merit | kônrì | n |
| message | rìmonhi | n |
| messenger | rirêi | n |
| middle | wîkeishau | n |
| midnight | kíyantei | n |
| mile | teimau | n |
| milk | yâjàisai | n |
| miller | jechò | n |
| mistake | hóipe | n |
| moment | mànheráu | n |
| money | radáuho | n |
| monk | núirenmù | n |
| month | chokchíge | n |
| moon | sèitótái | n |
| more | suimék | det |
| morning | cheikyôn | n |
| most | kyânwan | det |
| mother | ràríne | n |
| mountain | hònbon | n |
| mourn | gechi | v |
| mouse | shénrekan | n |
| mouth | sánroi | n |
| move | jauso | v |
| much | gèsó | det |
| mud | radàhu | n |
| mule | baushéngé | n |
| mushroom | táchòi | n |
| music | tauzi | n |
| must | rònha | aux |
| my | — | pron |
| nail (metal spike) | chèkei | n |
| name | pojo | n |
| near | péinân | prep |
| neck | kuidei | n |
| need | manpo | v |
| needle | shasâugón | n |
| neighbor | nenhyùnà | n |
| nephew | hôkmyo | n |
| nest | ryàsogái | n |
| net | héishìn | n |
| nettle | wikìn | n |
| never | jòrya | adv |
| new | tèkba | adj |
| news | sonhainu | n |
| next | myanshek | adj |
| niece | pâisèikú | n |
| night | pínsònkó | n |
| nine | keinu | num |
| ninety | keinu-peinàu | num |
| no | tsò-tson | interj |
| no one, nobody | tsò raihochu | pron |
| noise | saduizìn | n |
| none | hyáusú | pron |
| noon | jònràugôn | n |
| north | shànchò | n |
| nose | kyonchì | n |
| not | tsò | adv |
| nothing | tsò tínkê | pron |
| now | jàryôn | adv |
| nowhere | tsò ranbàsai | adv |
| number | hamen | n |
| nun | gyônjau | n |
| nut | dagyasoi | n |
| oath | nòdan | n |
| oats | róntsuzó | n |
| obey | tsòihyá | v |
| of | jek | prep |
| offering | îryu | n |
| official, magistrate | teshò | n |
| often | dâisà | adv |
| oil | kànson | n |
| old | noncha | adj |
| omen | sènsèido | n |
| on | shonsòi | prep |
| once | meidéi | adv |
| one | naitàu | num |
| onion | sóntò | n |
| open | rokbò | v |
| or | káhu | conj |
| orchard | shùpan | n |
| order | ketsán | n |
| orphan | tsujáido | n |
| other | ràrèk | det |
| our | — | pron |
| out, out of | shàho | prep |
| outside | guihyò | prep |
| over, above | gàmyu | prep |
| owe | hyadà | v |
| own | shasu | adj |
| ox | rànêimin | n |
| pain | tsòchau | n |
| pair | ryònhú | num |
| palace | teisishi | n |
| pale | chàgya | adj |
| paper | ryonsówau | n |
| parent | gêigàura | n |
| part | poimú | n |
| past (time gone by) | tòktoshó | n |
| pasture | dìténbon | n |
| path | zèikusè | n |
| pay | nùitsék | v |
| peace | gyâké | n |
| peak | ínasôn | n |
| pear | neimeknan | n |
| pearl | shaupa | n |
| peddler | kyaumézo | n |
| people | sènhyo | n |
| person | raihochu | n |
| pig | tsinòk | n |
| pilgrim | sèsîdei | n |
| pillow | shóishi | n |
| pine | tsentsûi | n |
| pirate | manméiki | n |
| pity | tòikektin | n |
| place | ranbàsai | n |
| plain | róirá | n |
| plan | manôná | n |
| plant (put in the ground) | bânròk | v |
| play | renrê | v |
| please | konègyâ | interj |
| plow | tsêigon | n |
| plum blossom | soróshài | n |
| plunder | hudòrò | n |
| pond | yandègà | n |
| poor | tanshon | adj |
| porcelain | hâuyoiwi | n |
| porridge | kapei | n |
| pot | tantso | n |
| potter | rómaijú | n |
| power | shépuibon | n |
| pray | àuro | v |
| prepare | nensin | v |
| price | jékpi | n |
| priest | gyanryâ | n |
| prison | méikauséi | n |
| prisoner | duitsoi | n |
| profit | somónzoi | n |
| promise | hìnei | v |
| protect | tsíchek | v |
| proud | ryonui | adj |
| proverb | énhon | n |
| province | sinhòi | n |
| pull | nèran | v |
| punish | chòwèk | v |
| punishment | chìbàyok | n |
| purple | jâmáu | adj |
| purse | tonhòi | n |
| push | chekho | v |
| put | meisék | v |
| quarrel | jâtùchek | n |
| queen | ríbaitsa | n |
| question | kogòshè | n |
| question particle (old "ma") | myòk | part |
| quickly | nínsu | adv |
| quiet | koimu | adj |
| raft | jénki | n |
| rain | naunân | n |
| rainbow | yâkok | n |
| rampart, great wall | meksi | n |
| rat | kanzu | n |
| raw | ninto | adj |
| read | sôiyò | v |
| ready | chepòn | adj |
| really, truly | tingàu | adv |
| reason | tàiro | n |
| red | tsôtui | adj |
| reed | shâuhôshu | n |
| remember | mítôi | v |
| rest | pipèk | n/v |
| return | tsòrók | v |
| revenge | noisen | n |
| reward | seikèiha | n |
| rib | tôhài | n |
| rice | tsau | n |
| rich | téhei | adj |
| riddle | monsa | n |
| ride | myákén | v |
| rider | nínromo | n |
| ridge | singyòk | n |
| right (side) | rèisek | n |
| right, correct | tsànbà | adj |
| ring | bariwai | n |
| ripe | détsái | adj |
| rise | shaumyón | v |
| river | reikochà | n |
| road | tegôi | n |
| roof | zènmàu | n |
| room | tashen | n |
| rooster | rênhoikai | n |
| rope | tìsok | n |
| rotten | kyánhu | adj |
| rough | kyoshè | adj |
| round | nankyòk | adj |
| rule (a law or custom) | shotsoson | n |
| rumor | zamichan | n |
| run | hyazok | v |
| sack | shenkú | n |
| sad | doichan | adj |
| safe | tèinai | adj |
| salt | shukijí | n |
| same | ryahì | adj |
| sand | kinkònsai | n |
| sausage | núzonúi | n |
| saw (tool) | gâishâtsá | n |
| say | hoinôn | v |
| scales (for weighing) | gìtek | n |
| scribe | kyànsa | n |
| scythe | héidui | n |
| sea | chaishosâ | n |
| seal (of office) | seirosui | n |
| season | shùronri | n |
| second | tsotín | num |
| secret | tsanshek | n |
| see | kunôi | v |
| seed | kinmya | n |
| seek | chontà | v |
| sell | tùitàu | v |
| send | kaitau | v |
| servant | tsadei | n |
| serve | sáimyon | v |
| seven | paken | num |
| seventy | paken-peinàu | num |
| several | dinwa | det |
| sew | hìsàu | v |
| shame | gìsankòn | n |
| shape | daumègyo | n |
| share | waizò | v |
| sharp | ténkòn | adj |
| she | myán | pron |
| sheep | rônkegò | n |
| shelf | sòyui | n |
| shell | noimon | n |
| shelter | báihànri | n |
| shield | shèntà | n |
| ship | ryônishì | n |
| shoe | zachènéi | n |
| shoot | wâumó | v |
| shop | kebui | n |
| short | tsáuban | adj |
| should | hòimói | aux |
| shoulder | moigò | n |
| shout | míntsèi | v |
| show | shenten | v |
| shrine | zasadan | n |
| sick | nùkei | adj |
| sickle | kyoshènàu | n |
| side | nàchên | n |
| siege | tsûiyon | n |
| sign (a mark or signal) | tsàjùsu | n |
| silk | sèdewek | n |
| silver | tsèhèi | n |
| silver coin (old name "yinmon") | tsinkyá | n |
| sing | chisàu | v |
| singer | wènok | n |
| sink | sàumái | v |
| sister | sháwèi | n |
| sit | kaijái | v |
| six | kaudá | num |
| sixty | kaudá-peinàu | num |
| size | chôgézàn | n |
| skill | myàunedan | n |
| skin | kaijan | n |
| skull | binmùi | n |
| sky | sijai | n |
| sleep | mójoi | n/v |
| slope | tsuisi | n |
| slow | nokho | adj |
| slowly | tsòdàn | adv |
| small | pushón | adj |
| smell | nìnran | v |
| smile | tokmò | v |
| smoke | zúbánai | n |
| smooth | choihí | adj |
| snow | háugo | n |
| so, therefore | tobok | conj |
| soft | tohen | adj |
| soldier | dézàudâu | n |
| some | áték | det |
| someone | áték-raihochu | pron |
| something | áték-tínkê | pron |
| sometimes | rònchók | adv |
| somewhere | áték-ranbàsai | adv |
| son | sínhú | n |
| song | shótsúgan | n |
| soon | toshei | adv |
| sorrow | nonmo | n |
| sorry | songyàuri | interj |
| soul | kyáchì | n |
| sound | zoko | n |
| soup | sòshàròn | n |
| sour | mâuhò | adj |
| south | hyùshó | n |
| spade | ryânmaiká | n |
| speak, talk | kekshò | v |
| spend | tsìke | v |
| spider | shenchoi | n |
| spin | tenro | v |
| spoon | gyoté | n |
| spring | yateicha | n |
| stable | henaimìn | n |
| stall (in a market) | zoitsâigo | n |
| stand | kàuron | v |
| star | hyúhà | n |
| stay | nátéi | v |
| steal | chàuran | v |
| steel | étsashái | n |
| still, yet | hishèi | adv |
| stone | dúiyôntá | n |
| stones (the board game of generals; old name "go") | buitsò | n |
| stop | sâiryan | v |
| story | tautsá | n |
| stove | shôktéwâ | n |
| straight | jájôi | adj |
| strange | dâupê | adj |
| stranger | kyoru | n |
| straw | soháujù | n |
| stream | hôichei | n |
| strong | hónmyan | adj |
| student | sànru | n |
| summer | hêikáshéi | n |
| sun | tòkrài | n |
| sure | myònshín | adj |
| sweat | yáupu | n |
| sweet | hyàutôi | adj |
| swim | châuyán | v |
| sword | káimachèi | n |
| table | cháuyâi | n |
| tail | tseróràn | n |
| take | nisók | v |
| tall | mántói | adj |
| task | ònanwi | n |
| taste | geizá | v |
| tavern | kôkhi | n |
| tax | daihân | n |
| tea | kàshòkdau | n |
| teach | jínhon | v |
| teacher | maikaushi | n |
| tear (from the eye) | tsiso | n |
| tell | hukyò | v |
| ten | peinàu | num |
| terrace (of rice) | tauyàsí | n |
| than | shúnòk | conj |
| thank you | cháiko | interj |
| that | zoisoi | det |
| the | — | art |
| the Throne (the Emperor, spoken of) | giwe | n |
| their | — | pron |
| them | myán-myán | pron |
| then | rekpài | adv |
| there | ryáu | adv |
| these | gíka | det |
| they | myán-myán | pron |
| thick | déngya | adj |
| thief | chenrà | n |
| thin | chaikau | adj |
| thing | tínkê | n |
| think | éknèn | v |
| third | ronhyan | num |
| thirsty | shimyù | adj |
| thirty | hênmau-peinàu | num |
| this | tsìnjo | det |
| this small one (lowering word, old "xiao") | shau-mi | n |
| those | séknà | det |
| thousand | tásin | num |
| thread | wenbúgò | n |
| three | hênmau | num |
| through | tokpau | prep |
| throw | naitón | v |
| thunder | bìmorò | n |
| tide | teishái | n |
| tie | tòkga | v |
| time | kònho | n |
| tired | memán | adj |
| tithe | shósinan | n |
| to | gahoi | prep |
| today | ransho | adv |
| toe | myàuké | n |
| together | konshó | adv |
| toll | rèichek | n |
| tomorrow | cheimân | adv |
| tongue | shèchei | n |
| tonight | gonro | adv |
| too | gyúgón | adv |
| tool | hùrancháu | n |
| tooth | yahyù | n |
| touch | shésu | v |
| toward | gyàpi | prep |
| tower, pagoda | mahìtsek | n |
| town | ganzanrai | n |
| trade | hochoibe | n |
| traitor | gyútámo | n |
| travel | rínmi | v |
| traveler | gayonshei | n |
| tree | chenjàbu | n |
| trouble | chansìn | n |
| truce | wimana | n |
| true | geishò | adj |
| trumpet | minhya | n |
| trunk (of a tree) | wìnbisù | n |
| trust | nèimyû | v |
| truth | nàuzà | n |
| try | myánok | v |
| tune | geinoi | n |
| turn | datsèi | v |
| twenty | tebui-peinàu | num |
| twice | gauyoi | adv |
| two | tebui | num |
| ugly | jehei | adj |
| uncle | aináu | n |
| under, below | teiman | prep |
| understand | jonko | v |
| underworld | pakitsa | n |
| unless | tsidán | conj |
| until | séini | prep |
| up | zanzau | adv |
| us | tsei-tsei | pron |
| use | chétei | v |
| value | chàhán | n |
| verse | zeinobò | n |
| very | tsekchín | adv |
| victory | chekotò | n |
| village | nuiro | n |
| vine | roija | n |
| vinegar | rónroje | n |
| voice | shónzá | n |
| voyage | pùseidái | n |
| wage | nondéi | n |
| wait | sonzo | v |
| wake | hyakón | v |
| walk | hyáséi | v |
| wall | jénsa | n |
| want | tsonkyá | v |
| war | tâtsama | n |
| warm | noinó | adj |
| wash | shauzài | v |
| water | zòté | n |
| waterfall | jònànrèk | n |
| wave | záhómáu | n |
| way | páusho | n |
| we | tsei-tsei | pron |
| weak | shínmei | adj |
| wealth | keiroi | n |
| wear | bîshin | v |
| weather | mêjok | n |
| weave | nóshei | v |
| weaver | mochei | n |
| wedding | hánryate | n |
| weed | chómya | n |
| week | hûná | n |
| weight | kàhishó | n |
| welcome | ryómek | interj |
| well | tsûitau | adv |
| well (for water) | chéido | n |
| west | tsànhá | n |
| wet | saibau | adj |
| what | kwêi | pron |
| wheat | râihonsan | n |
| wheel | jokìdau | n |
| when | kwênèn | adv |
| where | kwanmon | adv |
| which | kwîga | pron |
| while | tséyàu | conj |
| white | huihyau | adj |
| who | kwén | pron |
| why | kwènri | adv |
| wide | numek | adj |
| widow | dentséi | n |
| wife | júmé | n |
| wild | poshoi | adj |
| wilderness | mojohi | n |
| will, shall (future) | — | aux |
| willow | tesauti | n |
| win | pâuhai | v |
| wind | kyòsíshâu | n |
| window | tèkgàn | n |
| wine | zenmàn | n |
| wing | dochê | n |
| winter | zagéi | n |
| wise | tsauma | adj |
| wish | chogèi | v |
| with | háuchò | prep |
| without | raishai | prep |
| witness | wáuhânku | n |
| wolf | hòpenmû | n |
| woman | tisheirei | n |
| wood (material) | módói | n |
| word | yaidaihya | n |
| work | meksa | n/v |
| world | kemébà | n |
| worm | hónhui | n |
| worship | zínko | v |
| wound | tsàumàn | n |
| write | gektsí | v |
| wrong | hauko | adj |
| year | zanhek | n |
| yellow | tsèsui | adj |
| yes | tson | interj |
| yesterday | jènrê | adv |
| yew | kyanjáhé | n |
| yoke | ruimochô | n |
| you (friend, child) | yàu | pron |
| you (stranger, elder) | hyán-go | pron |
| you (to the king) | — | pron |
| young | tóncha | adj |
| your | — | pron |
| zero | rónryo | num |
8. Writing and Numbers
The Reed-marks are rebuilt for these sounds: 24 initial signs (k, g, t, d, p, b, m, n, s, z, h, r, y, w, ch, j, sh, ts, ky, ry, hy, my, gy, kw) and 16 rhyme signs (a, e, i, o, u, ai, ei, oi, au, ui, an, en, in, on, ok, ek), forty in all, as before. A syllable is written as its initial sign stacked over its rhyme sign; a syllable with no initial is its rhyme sign alone. Tone is a small dot: none for level, above for rising, below for falling, beside for dipping. Columns run top to bottom, right to left, as before.
Each figure sits in an invisible square. One to four are marks at the corners, added one at a time clockwise from the top left; five is a cross through the square; six to nine are the cross plus one to four corners; zero is a single dot. Base ten and positional, written in columns like everything else.